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An abnormal rise or fall in sea level produced mainly by wind stress and atmospheric pressure during a storm. It is additional to the astronomical tide and can greatly increase coastal flooding or reduce depths. Impact depends on storm track, intensity, timing with tide and coastal or seabed shape.
A wind sea that has reached the greatest average wave condition possible for the prevailing wind over the available fetch and duration. Once fully developed, additional time does not substantially increase the sea for that wind speed unless wind or fetch changes. Real seas often contain swell and changing winds, so the idealised condition is…
The condition of the sea surface at a particular time and place, principally in terms of wave height and character. It reflects wind sea and swell and may be reported using a descriptive scale or measured wave statistics. Sea state affects vessel motion, speed, visibility, deck safety and the feasibility of manoeuvres or recovery operations.
Persistent seasonal northerly winds over the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean, most frequent in summer. Known as the meltemi in Greek and Turkish usage, they arise from the pressure pattern between higher pressure over the Balkans and lower pressure over southwest Asia, with strong modification by islands and channels. They are not primarily katabatic winds, although…
A strong, cold, usually dry northerly to north-westerly wind channelled from southern France into the Gulf of Lion and western Mediterranean. It commonly develops when pressure is high to the west or north and lower over the Gulf of Genoa, accelerating air through the Rhône valley and adjacent terrain. The mistral is a channelled regional…
A strong, gusty, cold downslope wind blowing from the Balkan interior towards the eastern Adriatic. Dense air crossing mountain passes accelerates down the coastal slopes, commonly producing violent local gusts and sharp spatial changes. Clear bora and cloud-bearing bora occur under different synoptic conditions. The wind is often north-easterly but terrain controls its local direction….
A rare descriptive term for fine rippling or small wavelets on an otherwise relatively smooth water surface. It may be used informally for the first texture produced by a light breeze or minor disturbance, but it is not a standard WMO sea-state or Beaufort-scale classification. Because the term is uncommon and inconsistently documented, forecasts and…
A forward capsize in which a vessel rotates end over end as the bow stops or buries while the stern continues forward. It is most associated with fast multihulls, dinghies and surf craft running into a wave or decelerating sharply. Sail force, high speed, bow immersion, crew position and wave shape contribute to the pitching…
The Beaufort force 10 wind description, corresponding to mean wind speeds of 48–55 knots. At sea, very high waves develop with long overhanging crests; the surface becomes white with foam and visibility is reduced by spray. Conditions are dangerous for small craft and place severe demands on vessels and crews. Beaufort force describes observed or…
An informal name sometimes given to Beaufort force 6, a strong breeze. On the Beaufort scale, force 6 corresponds to a mean wind speed of 22–27 knots. At sea, large waves begin to form, white foam crests are extensive and some spray is likely. The expression is colloquial rather than an official Beaufort description. Force…
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