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Standard words or phrases with prescribed meanings used to control and clarify a radio exchange. Prowords such as “This is”, “Over”, “Out”, “Say again”, “Received” and “Correction” reduce ambiguity and shorten routine procedure when used under the relevant service rules. Their precise meanings depend on the communications system. They should not be improvised or combined…
Persistent seasonal northerly winds over the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean, most frequent in summer. Known as the meltemi in Greek and Turkish usage, they arise from the pressure pattern between higher pressure over the Balkans and lower pressure over southwest Asia, with strong modification by islands and channels. They are not primarily katabatic winds, although…
A strong, cold, usually dry northerly to north-westerly wind channelled from southern France into the Gulf of Lion and western Mediterranean. It commonly develops when pressure is high to the west or north and lower over the Gulf of Genoa, accelerating air through the Rhône valley and adjacent terrain. The mistral is a channelled regional…
A strong, gusty, cold downslope wind blowing from the Balkan interior towards the eastern Adriatic. Dense air crossing mountain passes accelerates down the coastal slopes, commonly producing violent local gusts and sharp spatial changes. Clear bora and cloud-bearing bora occur under different synoptic conditions. The wind is often north-easterly but terrain controls its local direction….
A downslope wind driven by gravity acting on air that has become colder and denser than its surroundings over elevated ground. Cooling over a plateau, snowfield, glacier or mountain slope creates dense air that drains into valleys and coastal waters. Terrain can channel and accelerate the flow, sometimes producing sudden strong gusts near shore. Katabatic…
A forward capsize in which a vessel rotates end over end as the bow stops or buries while the stern continues forward. It is most associated with fast multihulls, dinghies and surf craft running into a wave or decelerating sharply. Sail force, high speed, bow immersion, crew position and wave shape contribute to the pitching…
A technique for crossing flowing water by pointing the vessel into the stream so the current carries it sideways across the channel. The vessel maintains steerage through the water while its upstream heading and the current combine to produce a ground track across the flow. Adjusting the ferry angle changes sideways progress and upstream or…
A mooring buoy connected to a low-impact anchoring system designed to avoid routine chain scouring of sensitive seabed habitat. Designs may use elastic or floating rode sections, helical anchors or other components that keep ground tackle off seagrass, coral or vulnerable substrate while supporting the intended vessel loads. “Eco” does not guarantee zero impact or…
The international rules governing vessel conduct, lookout, safe speed, collision avoidance and navigation lights, shapes and sound signals. The 1972 COLREG Convention and its annexes apply on the high seas and connected waters navigable by seagoing vessels, with national implementation and permitted special local rules. They define vessel statuses and responsibilities in sight, restricted visibility…
To release slip-rigged mooring lines from aboard so a vessel can leave its berth. The crew lets go one end and retrieves the other as the line runs around the shore fitting. Lines are normally released in a planned order that accounts for wind, current, propeller and thruster effects. A line may fail to run…
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