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A spar that supports the head of a four-sided fore-and-aft sail. The gaff is attached near its forward end to the mast and extends aft and usually upward. Its jaws or other mast fitting guide it, while a throat halyard raises the forward end and a peak halyard controls the outer end and sail shape….
The system of lines, wires, spars and fittings that supports and controls a vessel’s masts and sails. Standing rigging supports the mast and normally includes shrouds and stays. Running rigging moves or controls sails and spars and includes halyards, sheets, guys, lifts and associated blocks and winches. As a verb, rigging means fitting, arranging or…
The international governing body for the sport of sailing, recognised by the International Olympic Committee. World Sailing develops the Racing Rules of Sailing and competition regulations, oversees international events and Olympic sailing, supports officials and training and recognises member national authorities and international classes. Its rules govern organised sport within their stated scope and are…
A two-masted fore-and-aft sailing rig with a small mizzen mast stepped abaft the rudder post or steering axis. The mainmast carries most of the sail area, while the smaller mizzen helps balance, steering and manoeuvring and may steady the vessel at anchor. The precise steering reference matters on modern craft whose rudder arrangements do not…
A sailing vessel’s tendency to turn towards the wind unless opposed by helm or trim. Weather helm arises from the relationship between aerodynamic force, underwater lateral resistance, heel, hull asymmetry and rudder angle. A small tendency can provide feedback and make the vessel round up if steering is released, but excessive weather helm increases drag…
A light pole used to hold the clew of a headsail out when sailing downwind. A whisker pole supports the headsail on the side opposite the mainsail in a goose-winged arrangement or keeps it filled when wind and vessel motion would otherwise collapse it. It is commonly adjustable in length and is normally lighter than…
In the direction from which the wind is coming, or on the side facing the incoming wind. Windward is the opposite of leeward and can describe a vessel’s side, another object’s position or progress towards the source of the wind. The windward side is not necessarily physically higher except when heel makes it so. The…
A spar set across a mast to support and spread a square sail or another transverse sail arrangement. A square sail’s head is bent or attached along the yard, whose braces rotate it horizontally and whose lifts and halyards support or raise it according to the rig. Yards may be fixed, lowered, hoisted or sent…
Lightweight streamers used to show local airflow over a sail or wind direction around a vessel. Pairs placed on each side of a headsail luff indicate attached or disturbed flow and help adjust sheet trim and steering. Leech telltales show flow leaving a sail, while shroud or masthead telltales can indicate local apparent wind but…
A line or wire supporting or controlling the height of a boom, yard or pole. A mainsail topping lift supports the boom when the sail and halyard do not and may be eased once the sail carries the load. A spinnaker-pole topping lift controls the pole’s vertical position together with a foreguy or downhaul; the…
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