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An unintended gybe in which the boom and mainsail cross the vessel abruptly as the apparent wind moves across the stern. It may result from poor course control, rolling, a wind shift, an over-eased course or loss of steering. The boom, mainsheet and traveller can move with great force, risking injury, gear damage, broach or…
A backstay that can be tensioned or released during sailing to support the mast and control rig loads. Running backstays are normally fitted as a port-and-starboard pair from the after part of the vessel to an upper mast attachment. The windward runner is tensioned while the leeward one is eased so the boom and sail…
A downwind sail arrangement with the mainsail and headsail set on opposite sides of the vessel. The mainsail is eased to one side while the headsail is held out on the other, often with a whisker pole. This exposes both sails to the following wind and reduces the tendency of the mainsail to blanket the…
Reducing a sail’s exposed area to control power and loads as wind or sea conditions increase. A slab-reefed mainsail is lowered sufficiently to secure a new tack and clew at reef points, then retensioned. Roller reefing reduces area by winding sail around a foil, mast or boom, while traditional sails may use other systems. Reefing…
A hook used to secure a mainsail’s reef tack or cringle near the gooseneck. Often called a ram’s horn, it holds the selected reef cringle at the forward end of the boom while the reef clew is tensioned aft. Some systems use a tack line or single-line reefing instead of a hook. The cringle must…
Folding a sail in neat alternating layers for securing, handling or storage. A mainsail is commonly flaked along the boom with folds laid to alternate sides before sail ties or a cover are fitted. A removed sail may be spread, dried and folded according to its cut, battens and storage requirements. Orderly flaking reduces bulk…
To trim or hold a sail so the wind presses on the side opposite its normal driving side. A backed headsail can push the bow away from the wind during a tack, help balance a vessel when hove to, or drive the vessel astern in a controlled manoeuvre. A sail may back unintentionally when the…
To balance sails and helm so a sailing vessel makes little headway and lies relatively steady. A common method backs the headsail, eases or reefs the mainsail and puts the helm to oppose the vessel’s tendency to turn. The vessel normally drifts slowly to leeward and may fore-reach rather than stop completely. Heaving-to can provide…
To depart on a voyage, or more literally to hoist and trim sails for sailing. Historically the phrase referred to setting a vessel’s sails as part of getting under way. It now commonly describes the start of any sea voyage, including one made by a powered vessel. Before departure, the vessel should be prepared for…
In older nautical use, an instruction or description meaning to keep a vessel away to windward or at a distance. The word developed from the command “a-luff”, directing a helmsman towards the wind, and acquired the wider sense of standing apart. Usage and spelling varied in early English nautical language. Today, aloof normally describes a…
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