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The principal watertight structural body of a vessel that provides buoyancy and supports its loads. The hull includes its bottom and sides and may incorporate decks, bulkheads, framing, tanks and internal structure according to the vessel’s design. It can be built from timber, steel, aluminium, fibre-reinforced composites, ferrocement or combinations of materials, and may have…
The applied science of measuring and describing the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal waters, lakes and rivers for navigation and other marine purposes. Hydrographic work determines depth, seabed character, coastline, hazards, tides, currents and the positions of relevant features. Surveys combine methods such as echo sounding, positioning, water-level observation, sonar and remote sensing, with…
The vertical distance between a vessel’s waterline and a defined deck or upper reference point. In formal ship measurement, freeboard is measured to the assigned freeboard deck or deck line under the applicable load-line rules. In everyday small-craft use, the word often describes the height from the water to the deck edge or another stated…
The charted height of a feature above chart datum when that feature covers and uncovers with the tide. Drying heights are used for rocks, banks and areas that are above chart datum but submerged when the tide rises sufficiently. They are normally printed differently from soundings so the navigator can distinguish a height above datum…
The falling phase of the tide between high water and the following low water. Ebb describes changing water level; the associated horizontal flow is an ebb tidal stream. The stream may continue after local high or low water, reverse at a different time, or follow a channel rather than simply flowing directly away from the…
An instrument that measures water depth by timing sound pulses reflected from the seabed. A transducer sends a pulse through the water and receives the returning echo. The instrument uses the elapsed time and an assumed speed of sound in water to calculate and display a depth, often as a numerical value and a scrolling…
The measurement of water depth using the travel time of a reflected sound pulse. The pulse is transmitted towards the seabed and its echo is detected after travelling down and back. An echo sounder converts that elapsed time into a depth using an assumed speed of sound through the water. An echo sounding is an…
A plotted position obtained by advancing a known position and applying estimated effects such as tidal stream and leeway. Usually abbreviated EP, it begins with a fix or another accepted position, then uses course steered, speed through the water and elapsed time together with the best available estimates of external movement. In traditional UK chartwork…
A fore-and-aft trim condition in which a vessel’s draught is the same forward and aft at the specified reference points. A vessel trimmed by the bow or stern is not on an even keel. The expression concerns longitudinal trim and does not by itself mean that the vessel has no list, that the deck or…
A navigable channel or recognised route through a harbour, river or other confined waterway. A fairway is normally the part of the waterway intended for through navigation and may be defined by its depth, lateral marks, charted limits or local directions. It is not necessarily the deepest water everywhere, and its available width and depth…
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