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The difference in height between mean high water springs and mean low water springs. It represents the average tidal range around spring tides at a particular standard port, derived from observations rather than from one individual high and low water. Spring ranges are generally greater than neap ranges because solar and lunar tidal influences reinforce…
A period in the astronomical tidal cycle when the range between successive high and low waters is relatively large. Springs generally occur near new and full moon when lunar and solar tide-generating effects reinforce one another. The name refers to the tide springing or rising more strongly and has no connection with the season of…
An inclined prepared surface leading between land and water for launching, recovering or building vessels. A slipway may be a simple ramp for trailers, a railed cradle system or a large construction berth. Gradient, surface, tidal access, depth, turning space, load limit and permitted users determine which vessels and equipment can use it. Algae, mud,…
A substantial inlet or passage of water whose exact geographic form varies by regional usage. A sound may be a broad channel between land masses, a coastal inlet, or water separating an island from a mainland. Unlike strait, bay or fjord, the name does not impose one universal combination of width, origin or connection between…
A measurement of water depth or the act of obtaining that measurement. Traditional soundings use a lead line, while echo sounders determine travel time of acoustic energy between transducer and seabed. A charted sounding is normally reduced to chart datum, whereas an onboard display may show depth below transducer, keel or surface depending on its…
A tidal prediction location whose times and heights are obtained by applying published corrections to a standard port. Corrections may cover high- and low-water times and heights and can vary between springs and neaps or with the standard port’s predicted values. The exact method is publication-specific and may use interpolation rather than simple constant additions….
A shallow area or submerged elevation of the seabed that may pose a navigation hazard. A shoal may consist of sand, gravel, mud, rock or coral and can lie near shore or offshore. Whether it is dangerous depends on charted and actual depth, tidal height, vessel draught, squat, waves and the required under-keel clearance. Currents…
A raised threshold across a harbour, marina, lock or dock entrance that limits or retains water depth. A marina sill is commonly an underwater barrier designed to retain a minimum water level inside a basin as the tide falls. A sill also forms the lower threshold beneath lock or dock gates and can determine the…
A period when the horizontal tidal current at a particular location is weak or changing direction. Slack water can occur near the change between flood and ebb, but its time need not coincide with local high or low water because tidal height and horizontal flow respond differently. In rotary tidal streams the current may turn…
A ridge, chain or area of rock, coral or other consolidated material lying at or near the water surface. Reefs may be biogenic, volcanic, rocky or artificial and can be exposed, drying or fully submerged. Sandbanks and shoals can create similar navigation hazards but are not necessarily reefs because unconsolidated sand alone is not the…
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