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A spar that supports the head of a four-sided fore-and-aft sail. The gaff is attached near its forward end to the mast and extends aft and usually upward. Its jaws or other mast fitting guide it, while a throat halyard raises the forward end and a peak halyard controls the outer end and sail shape….
The system of lines, wires, spars and fittings that supports and controls a vessel’s masts and sails. Standing rigging supports the mast and normally includes shrouds and stays. Running rigging moves or controls sails and spars and includes halyards, sheets, guys, lifts and associated blocks and winches. As a verb, rigging means fitting, arranging or…
The exposed or upper part of a vessel situated on or above its weather deck. The phrase distinguishes deck-level and superstructure spaces or equipment from accommodation, machinery and storage below deck. What counts as above deck depends on the vessel’s layout and the particular deck being referenced. People working above deck are exposed to weather,…
The uppermost corner or edge of a sail. On a triangular mainsail or headsail, the head is the reinforced corner from which the sail is hoisted by its halyard. It may carry a headboard, cringle, shackle or another fitting suited to the sail and rig. On four-sided sails, the upper edge may be a head…
A buoyant structure used to support a floating landing stage, bridge, platform or vessel hull. In a marina, “pontoon” commonly means the floating walkway alongside which boats berth, including its finger berths and access bridge. The same word also describes individual flotation units beneath catamarans, work platforms and temporary bridges. Pontoon height and movement change…
A trade name for ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibre used in high-strength, low-stretch marine ropes and fabrics. The fibre has a high strength-to-weight ratio, floats, absorbs little water and resists many chemicals and ultraviolet exposure. Marine uses include halyards, control lines, lashings, soft shackles, standing rigging and protective textiles. Performance depends on the product grade, construction, cover,…
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light and longer than X-rays. Solar ultraviolet radiation is commonly divided into UVA, UVB and UVC bands. The atmosphere blocks almost all UVC and much UVB, while UVA and some UVB reach the surface and can damage skin and eyes. At sea, exposure may be increased by long…
A rotating set of blades that produces thrust by accelerating water astern or ahead. Marine propellers are mounted on a shaft, saildrive, stern drive, pod or outboard gearbox. Diameter, pitch, blade area, number of blades and rotation direction are matched to the vessel, engine, gearing and intended operating conditions. Poor selection or damage can cause…
A rotating shaft that transmits torque from an engine or gearbox to a propeller. In a conventional shaft installation it passes through the hull via a stern tube and seal or stuffing box, is supported by bearings, and connects to the gearbox through a coupling. The propeller is secured at the outer end, commonly on…
A water-lubricated bearing that supports a vessel’s propeller shaft near its passage outside the hull. The bearing has longitudinal water channels and a resilient or composite bearing surface within a rigid shell. Water flowing through the grooves lubricates and cools the shaft as it rotates, and the unit is commonly fitted in a stern tube…
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