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The direction along a meridian towards the geographic North Pole. True north is the reference for true courses and bearings on most nautical charts and differs from magnetic north by local magnetic variation. Grid north on a projected chart or map can also differ slightly from true north except along selected lines. A GNSS receiver…
The wind velocity relative to the Earth’s surface rather than relative to a moving vessel. Apparent wind is the vector combination of true wind and the vessel’s velocity through the chosen reference frame. Marine instruments calculate true wind using measured apparent wind plus speed and heading or course data, and their result depends on whether…
The status of a vessel that is not at anchor, made fast to the shore or aground. Under way is a defined collision-regulation status and does not require the vessel to be moving through the water. A vessel stopped and drifting can be under way but not making way, while one tied to a buoy…
The international radiotelephony spelling word for the letter U. It is used to spell call signs, identifiers and words clearly over voice radio. Accepted prescribed spoken forms are represented as ‘YOU NEE FORM’ or ‘OO NEE FORM’. The International Code of Signals assigns a separate meaning to the single flag U. That signal use should…
A tackle, strut or powered control that restrains or adjusts a boom’s vertical movement. Known as a kicking strap in British usage, it normally leads between the lower mast region and the boom. Tension controls leech shape and twist, particularly when the mainsheet no longer pulls strongly downward, while a rigid vang can also support…
The heel angle at which a vessel’s righting lever becomes zero after remaining positive at smaller angles. Beyond the AVS, the vessel’s intact hydrostatic stability tends to continue the capsize until another stable attitude is reached, often inverted, rather than return it upright. The value is read from the righting-arm or GZ curve for a…
The angular difference at a location between true north and magnetic north. Also called magnetic declination, it is named east or west according to the direction of magnetic north from true north. Charts state a value for a reference year and an annual change because the Earth’s magnetic field evolves over time and varies geographically….
A digital chart whose features are stored as individually encoded points, lines, areas and attributes. Vector data allow the display system to select layers, interrogate objects, change presentation by scale and apply safety settings or alarms. An official Electronic Navigational Chart is a vector chart produced to IHO standards by or under a government hydrographic…
The component of a vessel’s velocity in a specified target direction. In sailing, VMG often means progress directly upwind or downwind and combines boat speed with the angle to the true-wind axis. Navigation instruments may instead label speed towards a waypoint as VMG, so the reference direction must be identified. Optimising VMG does not always…
The radio-frequency band from 30 to 300 megahertz, including the maritime mobile channels around 156 to 174 megahertz. Marine VHF supports voice, digital selective calling, AIS and other services on assigned frequencies and channel plans. Propagation is mainly line of sight, so antenna height, terrain, atmospheric conditions, transmitter power and receiver installation strongly affect range….
If you belive the Earth is flat, you're about to fall of the end...
If you belive the Earth is flat, you're about to fall of the end...
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