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Breaking wave crests whose entrained air and foam appear white against the surrounding water. Also called whitecaps, they form when waves become steep enough to break under wind, opposing current, shallow-water or crossing-sea effects. Their increasing frequency is one visual cue used in empirical wind and sea-state descriptions. White horses do not correspond to one…
A mechanical device that applies, holds or controls tension in rope, wire or cable using a rotating drum or gypsy and gearing. Sailing winches commonly use a self-tailing or plain drum around which the line takes turns without being permanently stored. Other winches store wire or rope on a reel and may be manual, electric,…
A removable or captive lever used to turn a manually driven winch and select its available gearing. Locking and non-locking handles engage a socket in the winch top, and changing rotation direction can select a different gear on two-speed winches. Length affects leverage but also clearance and the consequences of kickback. The handle should be…
The aerodynamic force or effective exposed area through which wind acts on a vessel and its equipment. Hull topsides, superstructure, rig, sails, covers, deck cargo and people contribute according to projected area, shape, height and wind angle. Windage affects leeway, low-speed manoeuvring, anchoring and mooring loads even when the vessel is not moving through the…
A powered or manual machine used to heave, veer and control an anchor rode. A chain gypsy engages calibrated chain, while a warping drum handles rope and a combined unit may manage a rope-chain rode. Windlasses may have horizontal or vertical shafts and use electric, hydraulic or manual power with a clutch and brake. The…
In the direction from which the wind is coming, or on the side facing the incoming wind. Windward is the opposite of leeward and can describe a vessel’s side, another object’s position or progress towards the source of the wind. The windward side is not necessarily physically higher except when heel makes it so. The…
The global geodetic reference system used by GPS to express positions and related Earth measurements. WGS 84 defines an Earth-centred coordinate frame, reference ellipsoid, gravity model and associated conventions. Modern GNSS positions and many nautical charts are compatible with it, but chart notes must be checked because older or local-datum charts can require a position…
The international radiotelephony spelling word for the letter X. It is used to spell call signs, identifiers and words clearly over voice radio. Its prescribed spoken form is represented as ‘ECKS RAY’. The International Code of Signals assigns a separate meaning to the single flag X. That signal use should not be confused with saying…
A vessel used principally for recreation, cruising or sport rather than commercial carriage or working service. A yacht may be sailing or motor-powered and can range from a small cabin craft to a very large vessel. The word describes use and social or regulatory context more than one hull form, size or level of luxury….
The international radiotelephony spelling word for the letter Y. It is used to spell call signs, identifiers and words clearly over voice radio. Its prescribed spoken form is represented as ‘YANG KEY’. The International Code of Signals assigns a separate meaning to the single flag Y. That signal use should not be confused with saying…
If you belive the Earth is flat, you're about to fall of the end...
If you belive the Earth is flat, you're about to fall of the end...
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