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The adjustment of a sail’s angle and shape to suit the apparent wind and the vessel’s intended course. Sheets control angle of attack, while halyards, outhauls, vangs, travellers, cars and other controls alter draft, twist and leech tension. Effective trim produces useful drive with manageable heel and must be revised as wind, waves, course or…
The transition in which a hydrofoil-supported craft rises until its hull is largely clear of the water. Take-off occurs when foil lift becomes sufficient to support most of the craft’s weight. Speed, foil angle, crew position and sail or power input must be coordinated; excessive pitch or unsuitable ride height can cause ventilation, loss of…
The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System used for automated alerting and coordinated maritime safety communication. GMDSS combines terrestrial and satellite equipment and services, including DSC, EPIRBs, NAVTEX and safety-information broadcasts. The equipment required depends on the vessel and sea area, and operators must use the correct distress, urgency and safety procedures.
A standard spoken instruction directing a vessel’s rudder or heading. Orders must be stated clearly, repeated by the helmsman and reported when achieved, using the terminology adopted aboard the vessel. The officer giving the order remains responsible for monitoring the vessel’s response and correcting for conditions such as wind, current and steering characteristics.
The overall plan for completing a sailing race as quickly and reliably as possible. Strategy considers wind pattern, current, course geometry, boat speed and risk before the immediate actions of boat-to-boat tactics are chosen. It is revised as conditions and the fleet develop, with gains weighed against distance, manoeuvre cost and exposure to adverse shifts.
The vertical clearance at which a foiling craft operates above the water surface. Ride height is governed by foil lift, speed, loading and the craft’s control system or crew inputs. Too little height increases hull contact and drag, while too much can allow a foil to ventilate or emerge and lose lift.
The spatial arrangement of navigation satellites relative to a receiver. Widely separated satellites generally provide a stronger position solution than satellites clustered in one part of the sky. Its effect is described by dilution-of-precision values, although signal blockage, multipath and other errors can still reduce accuracy.
The vertical distance between a vessel’s lowest point and the seabed or other underwater obstruction. A safe allowance must consider chart datum, predicted and observed tide, squat, heel, trim, wave response, water density and sounding uncertainty. Required margins depend on the vessel, waterway and operating procedures and should be monitored throughout a constrained passage.
A group of signal flags displayed together to communicate a coded maritime message. Flags in a signal hoist are read in the prescribed order, normally from the top down, and may represent a single-letter signal, a multi-flag group or a message qualified by numeral pennants or substitutes. Meanings depend on the applicable code or racing…
The standard pattern of signal and gap lengths used to make Morse characters intelligible. A dot lasts one time unit and a dash three; elements within a character are separated by one unit, characters by three units and words by seven units. Consistent timing matters whether Morse is sent by sound, light or radio because…
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