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The shorter distance between two points measured along a great circle on a sphere. It is the minimum spherical route distance and is especially relevant on long ocean passages. On the ellipsoidal Earth, geodesic calculations provide greater precision, while a Mercator chart represents the great-circle track as a curve except in special cases.
A mast whose heel is supported on the deck rather than continuing through it to a step below. Compression loads are transferred through the deck structure and usually a supporting post or bulkhead to the hull. Standing rigging becomes especially important to stability if the mast heel is not positively retained.
The detailed pilotage plan for leaving a berth, harbour or constrained waterway. It covers unberthing, communications, tidal and weather limits, courses, clearing bearings, traffic, abort options and the transition to the main passage. Responsibilities and contingencies should be briefed before lines are let go.
The straight-line distance between two positions actually reached by a vessel. It measures net progress over the ground rather than the total distance travelled along every alteration of course. Together with elapsed time it can be used to calculate speed made good.
A radio message giving the information needed to assist a vessel or person in grave and imminent danger. It normally follows a distress alert and call and includes identity, position, nature of distress, assistance required and other useful information. The prescribed format and channel for the equipment and service in use should be followed.
The entry of water into normally dry spaces through openings as a vessel heels or is immersed. Open hatches, vents, doors and damaged closures can cause progressive flooding and a rapid loss of stability and reserve buoyancy. Downflooding points are therefore important in stability assessment and heavy-weather preparation.
The angle of heel at which water can first enter a normally dry space through a relevant opening. It limits the usable stability range even if the theoretical righting lever remains positive beyond that angle. Loading, trim, open closures and damage can reduce the angle.
A buoy that is no longer held in its charted or intended position and is moving with wind or current. It may give dangerously misleading navigational information and should not be relied upon as a fixed mark. Its position and description should be reported promptly to the appropriate authority.
A digitally encoded distress transmission sent by Digital Selective Calling equipment. The alert identifies the station and may include position, time and nature of distress before voice or data distress traffic follows. It should be sent only for grave and imminent danger and cancelled correctly if transmitted inadvertently.
Lift produced by fluid flow around a moving foil, hull or planing surface. It increases with speed, fluid density, area and lift coefficient and can support part or all of a craft’s weight. Hydrofoils and planing hulls rely on dynamic lift, unlike static buoyancy, which exists without forward motion.
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