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The international reference time scale used for civil timekeeping, maintained close to Earth rotation by leap seconds. UTC is generated from atomic time and is the basis from which time-zone offsets are stated. It replaced Greenwich Mean Time as the principal technical reference for navigation, communications, meteorology and many legal or operational systems. UTC is…
A conventional boundary near 180° longitude across which the civil calendar date changes by one day. It bends around countries and island groups so political territories can share a chosen date, and it is not defined by a single universal treaty line. Crossing westward normally advances the date by one day; crossing eastward sets it…
A radio beacon that transmits essentially equally in all horizontal directions for direction-finding or identification. A receiver with an automatic direction finder can determine the relative bearing of an NDB signal and combine it with heading to obtain a bearing to or from the beacon. Marine radiobeacons historically supported coastal navigation, while NDBs remain more…
The radio-frequency band from 300 kHz to 3 MHz. Marine MF communications include the 2 MHz band used for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore voice and digital selective calling. Range is influenced by frequency, transmitter power, antenna, time of day, atmospheric noise and ground-wave or sky-wave propagation. The international MF distress and safety DSC frequency is 2187.5…
A ship-to-shore communication requesting medical advice for illness or injury aboard a vessel. The call connects the vessel with a telemedical or radio-medical advisory service through coast radio, satellite or another available communications route. The caller should provide position, contact details, patient history, observations, treatment given and available medicines or equipment. Urgency and distress procedures…
A shore facility that coordinates maritime search-and-rescue operations within an assigned search-and-rescue region. An MRCC receives distress alerts, assesses the incident, develops a search-and-rescue plan and tasks or coordinates suitable rescue units, vessels, aircraft and supporting services. It may work with adjacent centres and aeronautical rescue coordination centres. The centre coordinates rather than necessarily carrying…
Electronic chart systems intended for certain small commercial vessels that do not carry type-approved ECDIS. In the UK context, Small Vessel Electronic Chart System standards address equipment and official chart-data arrangements for eligible coded or regulated vessels, including functional, display, update and backup expectations set by the applicable authority. Eligibility and carriage treatment depend on…
The IHO framework for creating interoperable digital maritime data-product specifications. S-100 is based on the ISO 19100 family of geographic-information standards and provides registries, feature catalogues, portrayal, metadata and exchange mechanisms. Product specifications built on it include S-101 electronic navigational charts, S-102 bathymetric surfaces and S-104 water levels. S-100 is a framework rather than a…
An intergovernmental organisation that coordinates international hydrography and standards for nautical charts and marine geospatial information. The IHO develops specifications, guidance and capacity-building programmes to improve the consistency and availability of hydrographic data and services. National hydrographic offices remain responsible for surveying and publishing official products in their jurisdictions. Its standards include the S-57 framework…
A stopper knot formed by passing the working end around the standing part and back through the resulting loop in a figure-eight path. It creates a bulky, relatively secure stop that helps prevent a line running through a fairlead, clutch, block or other fitting. It is generally easier to untie after loading than a simple…
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