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A material made by bonding two or more layers to combine their properties. Marine laminates include fibre-reinforced hull structures and sailcloth films with load-bearing fibres. Performance depends on fibre direction, resin or adhesive, consolidation and protection from moisture, heat, ultraviolet exposure and repeated flexing.
The graduated latitude markings along the sides of a nautical chart. On a Mercator chart, one minute of latitude represents one nautical mile locally, so distance is measured on the latitude scale beside the area concerned. Longitude scale should not normally be used for distance measurement.
A charted or observed line formed by two aligned marks that indicates a safe or defined track. When the rear mark appears vertically above the front mark, the vessel is on the line. Opening the marks shows which side of the line the vessel lies on, making leading lines valuable for pilotage and clearing hazards.
The tension along the after edge of a sail. It influences twist, flutter and the sail’s ability to maintain an efficient exit shape. Sheets, vang, traveller, halyard and leech line can affect it, but excessive tension may hook the leech and increase drag.
The angle between a vessel’s heading and its direction of movement through the water caused by sideways drift. Wind acting on the hull and rig is the usual cause for sailing vessels. An allowance is applied to heading or course calculations with the correct direction, while current is treated separately as movement of the water…
The systematic measurement of depths, seabed features, shoreline and other information needed to describe navigable waters. Modern surveys combine positioning, echo sounding, sonar, tide observations and quality control. Results support nautical charts and publications, but coverage, date and uncertainty must be considered when assessing hazards.
A device that automatically releases secured survival equipment when submerged to a specified water pressure. It is commonly fitted to float-free EPIRBs and liferafts so they can rise if a vessel sinks. Correct installation, unobstructed float-free movement and replacement within the marked service life are essential.
The maritime buoyage region in which port-hand lateral marks are red and starboard-hand lateral marks are green when following the conventional direction of buoyage. Region A covers most of Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Shape, topmark, light and numbering also identify lateral marks, and cardinal and other mark types are common to both IALA regions.
The maritime buoyage region in which port-hand lateral marks are green and starboard-hand lateral marks are red when following the conventional direction of buoyage. Region B includes the Americas, Japan, Korea and the Philippines. Mariners must confirm the region and direction of buoyage rather than relying on colour alone.
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